Personal Narrative The Storm - 1067 Words

The Storm I was walking my dog, Max on a warm sunny day with only a few clouds in the sky through my city, Miami, Florida, and at the time I was only 11, but my life was about to change and one of the scariest things that I would ever experience was about to take place. That day had felt like it would be normal, and like any other day, I went to school, saw my friends, came home, and did homework with my little brother Everett. Then, like I do every day, took my dog for a walk. The walk started out fine. It was peaceful, but then like it often does in Florida, a sudden rain started it didn’t really bother me so I just kept walking until a few minutes later a feeling of absolute panic and terror swept over me when loud sirens started to†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬Å" I promise,† I said, then our parents came in and we all sat together on the floor to wait out the storm. We could hear the rain getting heavier and heavier and the whole house seemed to shake. I tried not to let it show to keep Everett calm, but inside I was terrified. I was trying to push the horrible thoughts out, like what if I died or someone I knew died, but I couldn’t. The thoughts kept worming their way back into my head and the more I thought about it then the more scared I became. Then the floor became damp. â€Å"Don’t worry,† my dad said. â€Å"It s just a little bit of water.† But within a half an hour there was almost a foot of water in our house and it was still slowly but surely rising. Everett began to cry again and I felt like could too, Max was still barking at the thunder, and even our parents seemed scared. I got Everett in a big hug as Mom and Dad decided what to do next. Finally, they made a decision. â€Å"Okay,† Mom said. â€Å"We all need to get into the attic before the flooding gets too high, you two need to wait here with Max while Dad and I open up the door to the attic, promise to not move?† â€Å"Yes,† I said w hile carrying Everett so he didn t get wet. â€Å"Good, be ready to move by the time we get back,† Dad told us before he and Mom ran off. â€Å"Alright, Everett, are you ready?† â€Å"Yes,† he said in a shaky voice. â€Å"Okay, everything is going to be fine.† I tried to remind him, but really I wasn’t even so sure myself. I grabbed MaxShow MoreRelatedStorm Of Steel : A Western Heritage Review1346 Words   |  6 PagesMiranda Beals Professor Wilson History 106-27 May 6th, 2016 Storm of Steel: A Western Heritage Review In the famous war memoir, Storm of Steel, an extraordinary story is told through the eyes of an ordinary German World War I soldier. 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In Storm of Steel, Junger explains the war through his own personal journal that he had written while in the war and though very patriotic and nationalistic the events in the book were a sRead MoreAnalysis of St. Mark: Chapter 4:35-41 and insight on the authour Mark.801 Words   |  3 PagesSt. Mark: Chapter 4:35-41 Mark was the interpreter and recorder for Peter in his later ministries. His job would most likely be the equivalent to a multilingual personal assistant in today s business world. Mark recorded Peter s recollections and was striving for accuracy, but not necessarily for strict chronological narrative order (Elwell 88). Theologians estimate that the Gospel of Mark was composed approximately between the mid 40 s to early 60 s. Rome is thought to be the place of originationRead MoreStorm of Steel Paper1286 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿ Question #1: Should Junger s Account Be Considered A Pro or Anti War Book? 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The surrounding environment and stormy weatherRead MoreThe Great Benefits Of Studying History997 Words   |  4 Pagescompletion. Giles Milton, another historian, wrote â€Å"Nathaniel’s Nutmeg;† this text is a narrative non-fiction which further e laborates on the colonial competition of the 17th century. These two historical readings are different; one reading is a textbook and the other is a narrative non-fiction. Different historical texts can operate to foster different ways of thinking about the past. History presented as narrative non-fiction differs from accounts written by academic historians because of the formRead MoreThe Eyes Of The Storm By Robert Browning Essay1749 Words   |  7 Pagesin his poem â€Å"Rabbi Ben Ezra† writes, â€Å"Grow old along with me! The best is yet to be, The last of life, for which the first was made.† (1-3) Lingering in a state of what people called old age, Elizabeth Hunter, the protagonist of The Eye of the Storm by Patrick White, gathers strength and resilience from her past to defeat the horrors of old age and death and discovers an entirely new meaning to her later life sitting in that luxurious bed at her residence in Moreton Drive. The egoistical matriarchRead MoreKate Chopin s The Storm1623 Words   |  7 Pages Kate Chopin’s â€Å"The Storm† Kate Chopin’s short story â€Å"The Storm† was written almost at the same time as â€Å"The Awakening,† but the author has not dared to publish it. The story encompasses deep social problems important for the nineteenth century, including women’s rights and women’s sexuality. The plot of â€Å"The Storm† is sequel to â€Å"At the ‘Cadian ball,† published almost six years earlier, although the characters have obtained different features and behavioral patterns. Kate Chopin was born in 1851Read MoreGabriel Garcia Marquez Essays1109 Words   |  5 Pages both continuous and dis-continuous with modernism† (McHale). Gabriel Garcia Marquez, without any problems, exemplified the postmodern â€Å"Literature of Replenishment† (McHale). The characteristic that mainly defined the era is the lack of a good narrative (McHale). Postmodernists also believed that all religions are valid (McHale). This era was full of politics, as World War II had just concluded. Writers who experienced World War II are said to be the people who shaped this era (McHale). The presidentRead More`` Fellow Travelers `` By John Wickham And Neil Bissoondath Capture The Struggle With Human Power Essay1054 Words   |  5 Pagesmany people with extreme anxiety and worry. Authors John Wickham and Neil Bissoondath capture the struggle with human power through realistic characters and scenarios in fictional short stories â€Å"Fellow Travelers† and â€Å"Insecurity†. 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Company Profile Of Tricorbraun Company - 892 Words

Tricorbraun was established in 1902, by Samuel Kranzberg in St. Louis as a used bottled company. Over the years Tricorbraun has evolved by successfully acquiring and integrating businesses to become the largest company in rigid packaging. Tricorbraun is currently ran by CEO, President, Vice president, and several Regional Operational Managers and over 2000 employees. Tricorbraun has three design centers in the United States, forty offices internationally and creates over one billion in revenue. Tricorbraun is one of the largest suppliers of rigid packaging worldwide making it a leading force in the packaging industry for the past three decades. Tricorbraun knowledge, skills, and innovations provides leverage over competitors. Tricorbraun values their customer’s financial advantages. Though hard work, the company has gain great success including engineering the development of mold designs. With over forty location nationwide Tricorbraun knows the key to their success is their employees and their commitment to excellent customer service. Tricorbraun works with customer step by step through the design and engineering phrases to create a container that is innovative and appealing to the target market. Tricorbraun has a massive library of stock molds in North America and access to global resources. Tricorbraun is one of the first rigid package company to establish itself as the undisputed industry leaders. Tricorbraun prepare and manage a budget for forty location each month

Theories of Communication for Social and Historical-myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theTheories of Communication for Social and Historical. Answer: Introduction For quite some time, the term media is commonly used to signify the intermediary between the sources of communication message (object) to the receiver of the message (target audience). Hence, media has been seen as the technology used to communicate messages to the target audiences in various parts of the world. Contrary to the perception mentioned above, Dan Laughey came up with the media theory with the aim of looking at the media from another angle and deviate from standard thinking by putting in place all the other possible reasons for the existence of media[1]. Media Theory In order to develop an argument and support the media theory, various aspects have been covered[2]. The aspects form the basis of media theory and act as the themes put across for the purpose of looking at media in a totally different dimension. The aspects covered in media theory include technical, capitalist, cultural, political, social, and historical[3]. Therefore, the above listed aspects help to understand the media in a deeper perspective away from the common perception within the public domain. In the historical aspect, it entails focusing attention on the historical sense of medium, which is the singular form of media. With some common types of media like television, radio, newspapers and internet being referred to as mass media, it is evident that there is a common belief that messages from the media must be received by a mass audience[4]. However, it is imperative to note that the use of the term medium before the age of mass media referred to something or someone found in between the message being sent and the receiver of the message. Thus, according to above argument, it is evident that television, radio, and internet remain as means of communication and it is not a must for them to stay as tools of mass communication[5]. A tool can be a medium of communication between the object and the receiver of the message. The technical bit of media seeks to look at the press as the means by which the object communicates the desired messages to the target audience. For instance, the object can be a tool of communication such as radio or television. Hence, it is important to understand that the means by which the media communicates the messages to the audience can either be analogue or digital. Thus, the media theory looks at media as the means by which messages are delivered to people from the object but not the object itself. Before the 19th century, the media was seen as the means of communication only, and some forms of mass media like newspapers relied on sales as the only way to raise income[6]. After the 19th century, the media became more commercial as the aspect of capitalism started to set in. The media began making more money from advertisements and media was transformed into a lucrative business venture. Thus, the capitalist aspect looks at the media as more of the business building venture other than a mean of communication. The media in most countries operate according to the political nature and structure in countries. For instance, there are countries where the government fully controls media while other countries, government partially control the media. The media is perceived as a political tool more than a mean of communication. Thus, the political aspect portrays press as a tool of spreading propaganda and control the society in favour of the government[7]. Hence, media theory tries to unmask the media in various ways apart from how individuals perceive. It goes out of the box to give a critical view of the media that most people in the contemporary world cannot understand easily[8]. From that dimension, it can see how media serves other purposes other than being a mean of communication. The media theory goes further to give reliable and relevant information to back up its hypothesis and arguments. Behaviourism and Media Effects As the media develops from one form to another, it is vital to measure and establish their effect on human being behaviour and the well-being of the people in the society, that is, the recipient of the media content. Hence, as media transformed from the traditional forms of using fire to the present era of internet, their effects on the general public cannot be underscored. It is vital to look at how media affects the way people think, feel and act including the media impact on social, moral and political behaviours of the people. Thus, to deeply understand the effects, it is important to explore various theories which fall under the behaviourism and media effects. The first theoretical model that supports the media effects is the Lasswells formula or the chain of communication[9]. The model emphasizes the assumption that media messages have always had an impact on the receiver. The communicator of the posts has the intention of influencing the receiver of the messages, and thus the messages must be persuasive to win the spirit of the receiver and convince to borrow from the messages. The model is applicable mostly in politics where the propaganda by politicians is expected to generate a particular stimulus from the target audience making them act in a certain way. Another famous model in understanding the media effects is Fredric Werthams Seduction of the Innocent model. The psychiatrist argues that most of the programs shown on the television have a direct influence on the minds and behaviour of children who come into contact with such media. Wertham maintains that innocent children will tend to believe each and every scene they watch on televisions directly[10]. Consequently, most of the children end up being influenced to understand and practice such views. The other model forming the basis of the media effects is the Cantrilss model of The Invasion from Mars[11]. The social psychologist Hadley Cantril maintains that media is having an indirect impact on its audience. In his argument, Cantril observes how a fiction radio play Evil Martians caused a lot of panic among the people. Cantril suggests that most people at that time believed that radio was the only mean of communication. The people could not also ascertain that the play was fiction. Hence, most people tend to think of the messages they listen and hear from the media. The Cultivation Theory is another model suggesting that television messages seem to cultivate certain behaviours on the substantial viewers over an extended period[12]. For example, the children who have grown up watching television and their exposure to it might end up nourishing and affecting their values and perspectives in the long run[13]. Thus, TV has a long-term effect on how society views the world. Agenda-setting and social functions model state that the media shapes the public opinion and other public issues[14]. The media gives the public the real problems trending, and the public will have to think and give their verdict on various issues set up by the media. The uses and gratifications model suggest that the people use the media in a way that they will fulfil their psychological needs. According to the theory, the press has some impact on how the media will influence the audience to view or listen[15]. The public will take in all the media content that fulfils their psychological needs. Modernity and Medium Theory The term modernity refers to the political, social, economic and technological advancements that are as a result of the transition from the traditional to the modern ways of doing things[16]. Thus, in the modernity and medium theory, various models stated capture the broad impact of the current advancements and their effect on the development of mass media. The invention of new forms of media changed how communication took place. According to Innis model of The Bias of Communication, the emergence of print media or press helped in devolving information since materials were distributed using the printed form from one region to another[17]. The introduction of the print media also led to rise of literacy among the people who embraced print media. It also helped the communities become more united through the use of the same language contained in the written material. Media has powerful effects on various societies. According to McLuhan, the nature of the media has a massive impact on the target audience. The medium has become the message, and the medium will control how the audience will connect[18]. The emergence of new media has changed the way people control the contemporary public and political sphere. According to Habernas, development of capitalism has hindered the rational-critical debate in the media[19]. The public area has been turned into a field of advertising and public relations. The public has no opportunity to engage their politicians, and the press has blocked the people from participating in a more developmental exchange of political and essential views. The development in the mass media has affected the culture of many societies[20]. The growth in mass media and technology has led to lack of real sense of identity and belonging. The impact of international content consumption as opposed to the local content has highly affected peoples culture. Thus, the modernity has eradicated local content and hence affecting the culture of people consuming the international content. According to Leavises and the Lynds, the minority culture of the elites dictates the moral guidance to other cultures and also the matters of mass civilisation[21]. Thus, media is bringing out some strong standardised forces that threaten the perception of other people. Media tends to effect on communities on the standardised perception according to the media view. Hence, many cities tend to change their nature of existence according to the media and all because of the press. The modernity theory has profoundly affected the media and the content it offers to its target audience[22]. The technological advancements have profoundly influenced the form and the environment into which the press operates. Therefore, it has also changed the media content offered for consumption by the target audience. The people have also been influenced to change with modernity and change in the mass media. Structuralism and Semiotics Theory Structuralism is the theoretical framework that seeks to understand how systems work to structure their individual at any given moment in time. [23]Semiotics, on the other hand, is a method used to study structuralism. It is used to analyse language as one of the systems that organise its components in units of meaning. Style is a system that forms part of other systems like social and political systems. Media is also the part of a social network and influenced by social system as well. According to Saussure and Barthes theories of language and myth, Saussure explains that language reflects both the reality and also operates in its system which brings meaning to the word[24]. However, a message referring to an idea can only make sense once it is different from others. According to Barthes theory of myth, belief and sound are related to making a meaning. Thus, media can develop myths and decide to nurture some of them and discard other. According to Hall, a doctrine is a discursive sense of ideas, meanings, conceptions, theories and beliefs and the form of consciousness which are appropriate to them[25]. Hence, the relationship between the ideology and the media can only be analysed using semiotics. Also, the press is structured in such a way that they deliver much thinking and myths. Hegemony is when political, social and economic values bring about an ideological struggle for leadership. Thus, the media will encode messages to serve the interests of the hegemonic forces. According to Glasgow Media Group, media remains ideological since they stay discriminatory and they present their view of things in favour of some interests over others. Although news is presented truly and impartially, they sometimes convey the ideological ideas of the dominant cultural groups. Thus, the GMGs Ideology of News concludes that in the long run, media remains biased to favour dominant ideological interests. Hence, media continues at the centre stage in determining the truth and effectiveness of certain communication messages. As presented by Williamson, The Ideology of Ads states that advertising creates a structure of meaning[26]. Adverts present an ideological significance on the level of a communicator. Thus, the ads can only be understood once received. The receiver struggles to decode to get the intended meaning. However, the adverts seem to convey the message through the media for the benefit of the advertiser, and it is through the media that the advertiser can influence the target audience without their consent[27]. In some instances, media can only produce ideologies and present them in such a way that the intended audience understands them. Some messages seem to confuse the audience due to their different culture and subculture. Thus, in the process of designing, producing and distributing such words, it is imperative to note that the media should present such words in a way that they will be understood by various people with various cultures and subcultures. Structuralism and semiotics theory is developed to help the media and the source of the messages in structuring the words in such a way that the target audience can understand them[28]. The communication process is completed if the ideologies sent to the viewer are decoded successfully, and the messages understood. Bibliography Berger, Arthur Asa. "Theories of Communication." InMessages, pp. 16-33. Routledge, 2016. Bertrand, Ina, and Peter Hughes.Media research methods: Audiences, institutions, texts, pp.51-61.Macmillan International Higher Education, 2017. Cantril, Hadley.The invasion from Mars: A study in the psychology of panic, pp.12-19. Routledge, 2017. Couldry, Nick.Media, society, world: Social theory and digital media practice, pp. 29-35, Polity, 2012. Culler, Jonathan.On deconstruction: Theory and criticism after structuralism, pp.49-53. Routledge, 2014. Delanty, Gerard.Social theory in a changing world: Conceptions of modernity, pp.31-37, John Wiley Sons, 2013. Ehlers, Wolfgang, and Joachim Bluhm, eds.Porous media: theory, experiments and numerical applications, pp. 8-11. Springer Science Business Media, 2013. Hebdige, Dick.Subculture: The meaning of style, pp. 19-25. Routledge, 2012. Hirst, Martin, John Harrison, and Patricia Mazepa.Communication and new media: From broadcast to narrowcast, pp. 49-65. Oxford University Press, 2014. Innis, Harold A.Essays in Canadian economic history, pp. 73-77. University of Toronto Press, 2017. Jenkins, Henry.Textual poachers: Television fans and participatory culture. pp. 62-66. Routledge, 2012. Katz, Elihu, Paul F. Lazarsfeld, and Elmo Roper.Personal influence: The part played by people in the flow of mass communications, pp. 43-47. Routledge, 2017. McQuail, Denis, and Sven Windahl.Communication models for the study of mass communications, pp.51-55. Routledge, 2015. O'brien, Martin, Sue Penna, and Colin Hay.Theorising Modernity: Reflexivity, Environment Identity in Giddens' Social Theory, pp. 18-20. Routledge, 2014. Potter, Robert F., and Paul Bolls.Psychophysiological measurement and meaning: Cognitive and emotional processing of media, pp. 26-31. Routledge, 2012. Puppis, Manuel, and Natascha Just, eds.Trends in communication policy research: New theories, methods and subjects, pp.39-47. Intellect Books, 2012. Sheehan, Kim Bartel.Controversies in contemporary advertising,pp.15-25. Sage Publications, 2013.

Concept of Positive Accounting Theory Free-Samples for Students

Question: Discuss about the Concept of Positive Accounting Theory. Answer: Introduction This paper breaks down the change of positive accounting theory (PAT) and differentiations it and three standard records of science. There is some perplexity about what PAT is. In case the importance of accounting speculation (i.e., accounting theory tries to elucidate and anticipate accounting and examining practice) given in (Watts, 2016) is deciphered as significance PAT, examinations of accounting choices and assessing sharpens constitute PAT. Meanwhile, they similarly hope to illuminate the budgetary perspectives based test sending in accounting and they depict, despite accounting choice considers, capital market-based accounting research. They point out that (Ball, 2013) and Brown at initially advanced positive research in accounting, suggesting that PAT consolidates both capital market-based accounting examination and research in accounting choices. This paper takes PAT to join both research programs. This utilization is consistent with (Watts, 2016) verification that when the y use the expression "positive" to separate it from "prescriptive" theory. Perceive has been a champion among the most charming accounting research programs in the midst of the latest four decades. It has passed on a broad measure of right research on the relationship between accounting numbers and stock expenses and returns, and determinants of accounting choices by affiliation. Summary of the Article Positive accounting theory (PAT) is a declaration of neo-conventional money related speculation. Pressing to it, is a trust in sensible decision theory. That is, pertinent self-intrigue generally recommended by beginning conduct - is the begin of all budgetary movement. Thusly, for the decision of bookkeeping techniques for understanding and frameworks and approach PTA self-intrigue is starting reasons. In PAT the firm is portrayed moreover as a party of various exercises a nexus of understandings. Contracts are crucial auditing an entire concentration to make them channel for people to consent to take an intrigue. Regardless, there will contract costs related with the distinctive exercises, for example, expenses of overseeing alongside observing the game-plan of the social events included and PAT holds those affiliations which should control the expenses of contracting and this will impact the strategies comprehended, including the bookkeeping structures. (Sathouse, 2016) Moreover, PAT addresses an imperative move in bookkeeping research point of view. One essential association with which Watts have tended to legitimize and push PAT is the adjust of their perspective of hypothesis and that in science. They have implied different reasonability of science creators to express that their perspective of hypothesis is the same as that in science and to legitimize their method; and to crush, to a particular degree, regularizing theory. In this way, given PAT has been essential to bookkeeping analysts for around four decades, it is fundamental to examine how far PAT has been practical in mirroring normal sciences and what the points of confinement have been. It is also essential to return to the methodological spots of PAT. It is dazzling to perceive how the movement instance of PAT separations and records of science to which Watts what's more, Zimmerman tended to legitimize and push their hypothesis. This is by prudence of such a relationship will improve ou r comprehension of how PAT advanced and what methodological holes remain. (Smith, 2013) Research Question An imperative question that PAT researchers are planning to answers to was the reason the directors coordinate the accounting conclusions as they grasp the. Due to the worldwide nature, the understanding should be conveyed in regards to executives' certain mental strategies. Clarification should be imparted in light of the feelings and reasons evaluated in the brains of the boss at the period of settling on accounting choices. The authenticity of clarification does not depend on upon the demand of certain accounting conduct in similar conditions by the executive or others (Carey, 2013). The reason is that man does not by and large give a comparable direct in relative conditions. Two people can bear on contrastingly in similar conditions and present equivalent direct in different conditions The issue with the above position of PAT on speculation choice is that probably no theory with more unmistakable useful power ascends all of a sudden. The consistent power that PAT now has is the delayed consequence of four numerous times of research attempts. Thusly, if the relative legitimate vitality of battling theories is to be settled on the arbitrator on a fundamental level choice, that must be associated not at the basic stages but instead at some later stages. (Broadbent, 2013) Thusly, three appropriate methodological request are (a) how to pick rationally whether to offer chance to another speculation or allow it to blur away in its initial stages, (b) at what period of theory headway the relative legitimate power establishment is to be associated, and (c) how to pick between two theories when the new speculation clears up a couple parts of the old speculation and some new wonders not illuminated by the old one. Theoretical Framework Positive Accounting Theory has been the essential research perspective of the 1980's and 1990's however resulting to investigating PAT this influences the opportunity to be something of a curious consider. This leads us to study specific enlightenments behind PATs omnipresence. The positive/observational perspective observed the chance to be particularly standard around an equivalent time that new age preservationist governments were picked in the USA and the UK. An affiliation can in this manner be made between the climbing of governments controlled by theories based around deregulation and 'little government' and an accounting speculation that battles an equivalent point. It is in like way possible that schools in the USA that favored perspective from corporate financing were driving accounting research as a mechanical social gathering to move the deregulation address that structures the foundation of Positive Accounting Theory. This translates the evident achievement of PAT in the 'ask about progress' has little to do with the central focuses or importance of PAT, and out and out additional to do with its ideological question that shield the drive of the overall public who in a matt er of seconds hold capital. The overall public who stay to get the prizes of a deregulated government have as necessities be "got" the accounting research progress to applaud and legitimize their position. (Minnis, 2017) The shrewd perspective holds the conclusions that chief, who are experts to the focal, show to their own advantages. Also, they simply get accounting approaches that allow them to get, in the view that the firm in like way gets. Unmistakable sorts of hypothesis exist, for instance, political cost, reimburse plan and obligation theory that show what points of view make the heads pick one accounting framework over another. Association pay hypothesis The association pay speculation conveys that supervisor who have accounting driving qualities, or installment of them is append with the association's accounting execution which will move to control the arrangement of bookkeeping and figures to show the accounting execution and it must be acceptable than anything. For example, boss utilizing varying corruption strategy permitting lower benefits toward the begin and higher focal points towards the end. More arranged administrators will tend to slight any imaginative work costs since it will chop down compel year benefits affecting their pay. Taken a toll hypothesis of Politics The political cost hypothesis expect that affiliations will tend to demonstrate their positive conditions bring around using changing accounting philosophies and frameworks so that the firm does not pull in the likelihood of government specialists, who will have an eye on high favored stance affiliations. Allowing lower benefits masterminds away any thought by individuals generally speaking and the eyes of the affiliation who will put higher control on high getting firms. Obligation respect hypothesis The devotion/respect theory passes on that authorities will tend to show better inclinations (like the reward create/affiliation compensation speculation) with the reason for having a predominant execution and liquidity position than pay the interest and critical of the commitment they have gathered in the business. The higher the devotion/respect level the more likely it is that the boss will have a tendency to use accounting methods and frameworks in enhancing accounting advantage. For example, the written work has demonstrated the sensible estimation of favorable circumstances is the same as related a motivating force in some standard definition. Of course, such accounting sources have battled that the sensible regard is a poor measure especially when they can be easily controlled by endorsed models as fundamental as the assessments of sensible regard. (Brggemann, 2013) Acclaim composing exhibits that the boss manages the reported wage to manage their reward goals. Later ponders have exhibited that the organization controlled the assessments of the sensible regard. For example, organized affirmation of the sweeping usage of sensible motivator, furthermore, fought that the sensible regard is mistreated by the organization and this brought on its annihilation. Vitality and Limitations Vitality It doesn't give anything reparable, it doesn't express that what should happen, rather lights up and predicts what may happen, which is the reason for positive bookkeeping theory and this is inadequate It is not free since it just explains and predicts what individuals may do, expelling absolutely on what they ought to do. It recognize that each boss' (genius) and proprietor's (major) practices have a self-intrigue perspective, with the essential focus of developing their own particular riches without considering any unpropitious impacts. (Setyorini, 2012) Repressions Right when Positive Accounting Theory was at first made in the 1970's it relied on upon three theories, the commitment hypothesis, the reward deal with hypothesis and the political cost hypothesis. Since this period however there have been no increases to these three, nor has there been any advance or development of them. Nevertheless, much research has been played out all through the 1980-90's PAT has remained torpid in its development and this has possibly instigated to the present abatement in imperativeness for PAT. It has battled that PAT doesn't have any potential for future advance and that it will continue uncertainly in its present edge with no new considerations. This nonattendance of advance and PATs late lessening in research are firm conflicts that PAT will be respected a blunder in the light of learning of the past. (Grabe, 2014) The essential defect that can be found with a start of PAT is that of fiscal matters and its dependence on the hypothetical immaculate market. A faultless market depends on after (despite various things) idealize data and no exchange costs. This perspective discovers issues since "bookkeeping exists in context of exchange expenses". It is in like way hard to envision concordance for data when bookkeeping data adds to this conform. Watts and Zimmerman in addition say that bearing and political expenses encroach with the operation of faultless markets. In saying this they are adequately yielding that impeccable markets don't exist as they require the takeoff obviously to help with the more competent task of advantages (Li, 2015) Conclusions PAT is in a general sense a hazardous condition of various theories that has been used as vehicle to push the free market conviction structure that has summoned the political and research program. Starting late PAT has been running out centrality to the degree time span and this is possibly demonstrating that PAT was a general shape that has had its time and has now been racked for more sensible and steady examination openings. (Abbadi, 2016) Where there are weights to report cut down advantages, determination of the revaluation show gives degree of higher downgrading blames for augmentations in the estimation of non-current assets not impacting the compensation declaration. With lower point by point advantage and a higher asset/esteem base, any judgment made by investigating extent, for instance, rate of benefit for assets or esteem will achieve the component being found in a less perfect light. (Freeman, 2014) In this way, Positive Accounting Theory tries to make astonishing desires of real events and make an understanding of them to accounting trades and predict (Dosi, 2016) Activities, for example, which bookkeeping approaches firms will pick How firms will respond to starting late proposed bookkeeping models Under PAT, firms need to extend their prospects for survival, so they manage themselves enough. Firms are seen as the aggregate of the affirmations they have gone into. (Christensen, 2016) Along the associations with PAT, in light of the way that there is an ought to be reasonable, the firm should confine costs related with contracts. Cases of statement, costs are exchange, renegotiation, and watching costs. Contract costs meld accounting parts as contracts can be stipulated the degree that accounting information, for instance, net pay, and budgetary degrees. The firm will pick the accounting systems that best observe the basic for minimization of understanding costs. PAT sees that changing conditions oblige chief to have flexibility in picking accounting organizes. This presents the issue of "sharp prompt". This happens when the exercises of affiliation are to better their own emerge reasons for interest. (Miller, 2013) References Abbadi, S. S., Hijazi, Q. F., Al-Rahahleh, A. S. (2016). Corporate governance quality and earnings management: Evidence from Jordan.Australasian Accounting Business Finance Journal,10(2), 54. Ball, R., Kothari, S. P., Nikolaev, V. V. (2013). Econometrics of the Basu asymmetric timeliness coefficient and accounting conservatism.Journal of Accounting Research,51(5), 1071-1097. Broadbent, J., Laughlin, R. (2013).Accounting control and controlling accounting: Interdisciplinary and critical perspectives. Emerald Group Publishing. Brggemann, U., Hitz, J.M. and Sellhorn, T., 2013. Intended and unintended consequences of mandatory IFRS adoption: A review of extant evidence and suggestions for future research.European Accounting Review,22(1), pp.1-37. Carey, P., Knechel, W.R. and Tanewski, G., 2013. Costs and Benefits of Mandatory Auditing of For?profit Private and Not?for?profit Companies in Australia.Australian Accounting Review,23(1), pp.43-53. Christensen, H.B., Nikolaev, V.V. and Wittenberg?Moerman, R., 2016. Accounting information in financial contracting: The incomplete contract theory perspective.Journal of Accounting Research,54(2), pp.397-435. Dosi, G., Grazzi, M., Marengo, L. and Settepanella, S., 2016. Production theory: accounting for firm heterogeneity and technical change.The Journal of Industrial Economics,64(4), pp.875-907. Freeman III, A. M., Herriges, J. A., Kling, C. L. (2014).The measurement of environmental and resource values: theory and methods. Routledge. Grabe, W., Kaplan, R. B. (2014).Theory and practice of writing: An applied linguistic perspective. Routledge. Li, X. (2015). Accounting conservatism and the cost of capital: An international analysis.Journal of Business Finance Accounting,42(5-6), 555-582. Miller, P., Power, M. (2013). Accounting, organizing, and economizing: Connecting accounting research and organization theory.Academy of Management Annals,7(1), 557-605. Minnis, M., Sutherland, A. (2017). Financial statements as monitoring mechanisms: Evidence from small commercial loans.Journal of Accounting Research,55(1), 197-233. Salthouse, T.A., 2016.Theoretical perspectives on cognitive aging. Psychology Press. Smith, M., 2014.Research methods in accounting. Sage. Setyorini, C.T. and Ishak, Z., 2012. Corporate social and environmental disclosure: A positive accounting theory view point.International Journal of Business and Social Science,3(9). Watts, R.L. and Zuo, L., 2016. Understanding practice and institutions: A historical perspective.Accounting Horizons,30(3), pp.409-423.

Tale Of Two Cities Essays - English-language Films,

Tale of Two Cities In the fictitious novel Tale of Two Cities, the author, Charles Dickens, lays out a brilliant plot. Charles Dickens was born in England on February 7, 1812 near the south coast. His family moved to London when he was ten years old and quickly went into debt. To help support himself, Charles went to work at a blacking warehouse when he was twelve. His father was soon imprisoned for debt and shortly thereafter the rest of the family split apart. Charles continued to work at the blacking warehouse even after his father inherited some money and got out of prison. When he was thirteen, Dickens went back to school for two years. He later learned shorthand and became a freelance court reporter. He started out as a journalist at the age of twenty and later wrote his first novel, The Pickwick Papers. He went on to write many other novels, including Tale of Two Cities in 1859. Tale of Two Cities takes place in France and England during the troubled times of the French Revolution. There are travels by the characters between the countries, but most of the action takes place in Paris, France. The wineshop in Paris is the hot spot for the French revolutionists, mostly because the wineshop owner, Ernest Defarge, and his wife, Madame Defarge, are key leaders and officials of the revolution. Action in the book is scattered out in many places; such as the Bastille, Tellson's Bank, the home of the Manettes, and largely, the streets of Paris. These places help to introduce many characters into the plot. One of the main characters, Madame Therese Defarge, is a major antagonist who seeks revenge, being a key revolutionist. She is very stubborn and unforgiving in her cunning scheme of revenge on the Evermonde family. Throughout the story, she knits shrouds for the intended victims of the revolution. Charles Darnay, one of whom Mrs. Defarge is seeking revenge, is constantly being put on the stand and wants no part of his own lineage. He is a languid protagonist and has a tendency to get arrested and must be bailed out several times during the story. Dr. Alexander Manette, a veteran prisoner of the Bastille and moderate protagonist, cannot escape the memory of being held and sometimes relapses to cobbling shoes. Dr. Manette is somewhat redundant as a character in the novel, but plays a very significant part in the plot. Dr. Manette's daughter, Lucie Manette, a positive protagonist, is loved by many and marries Charles Darnay . She is a quiet, emotional person and a subtle protagonist in the novel. One who never forgot his love for Lucie, the protagonist Sydney Carton changed predominately during the course of the novel. Sydney , a look-alike of Charles Darnay, was introduced as a frustrated, immature alcoholic, but in the end, made the ultimate sacrifice for a good friend. These and other characters help to weave an interesting and dramatic plot. Dr. Manette has just been released from the Bastille, and Lucie, eager to meet her father whom she thought was dead, goes with Mr. Jarvis Lorry to bring him back to England. Dr. Manette is in an insane state from his long prison stay and does nothing but cobble shoes, although he is finally persuaded to go to England. Several years later, Lucie, Dr. Manette, and Mr. Lorry are witnesses at the trial of Charles Darnay. Darnay, earning his living as a tutor, frequently travels between England and France and is accused of treason in his home country of France. He is saved from being prosecuted by Sydney Carton, who a witness confuses for Darnay, thus not making the case positive. Darnay ended up being acquitted for his presumed crime. Darnay and Carton both fall in love with Lucie and want to marry her. Carton, an alcoholic at the time, realizes that a relationship with Lucie is impossible, but he still tells her that he loves her and would do anything for her. Darnay and Lucie marry each other on the premises of the two promises between Dr. Manette and Darnay. Right after the marriage, while the newlyweds are on their honeymoon, Dr. Manette has a relapse and cobbles shoes for nine days straight. France's citizens arm themselves for a revolution and, led by the Defarges, start the revolution by raiding the Bastille. Shortly before the start of the revolution, the Marquis runs over a child in the streets of Paris. He is assassinated soon after by Gaspard, the child's father, who is

Castle Rackrent by Maria Edgeworth Essay Example

Castle Rackrent by Maria Edgeworth Essay Example Castle Rackrent by Maria Edgeworth Paper Castle Rackrent by Maria Edgeworth Paper Essay Topic: Literature Castle Rackrent by Maria Edgeworth is a work containing elements of satire, portrayed through Thady. It is to these satiric elements that it owes much of its subtlety. Castle Rackrent is an achievement because of what lies in the subject matter and the narrative methods through which Maria Edgeworth presents her characterisation, language, imagery, tone and satire. These methods are wrapped in the subtlety that comes from total control. The most substantial and remarkable aspect about the novel is the subtlety of its implications. In her dealings with the Edgeworthstown tenants Maria Edgeworth gained first hand knowledge of Irish peasant life and of the peculiarities of Irish peasant character, which form the basis for the success of Castle Rackrent both as a social document and as a work of fiction. At the centre of Maria Edgeworths work is the Big House itself, which is the symbolic focus of the Protestant Ascendancys preoccupation with its own decline. The big house, the manor houses of the Anglo Irish ascendancy, are often used as a metaphor which might allow the author to explore the socially disintegrated world of the protestant ascendancy Castle Rackrent was published in 1800, the first Big House novel set on an ascendancy estate, was the first Irish family chronicle, and the first fictional book to make Irish history and politics central to its story and theme. The critic Patrick Murray states that Maria Edgeworth allows many of her characters to reveal them selves by indirection. Thady is an outstanding example. It is interesting to observe how much we learn about Thady himself from his descriptions of other people, particularly when his feelings are strongly engaged. One of his more diverting habits is to praise or censure his various masters and their wives according to their generosity or meanness towards himself the classic attitude of the old retainer. This habit produces some extremely satiric and at times subtle effects. As well as being the first regional novel in English literature, Castle Rackrent has a strong claim to be considered the first of the saga novels, since it traces the fortunes of a single family through several generations. The novel has been often commended as a work of profound historical significance The most ironic word throughout the novel is the word faithful faithful Thady, the steward, who tells this tale, in the first person when he is beyond his eightieth year. So skilful is Maria that the quick and careless reader may finish the story without detecting the deviousness with which Thady had managed to turn his employers weaknesses to his own advantage. According to Patrick Murray Thady Quirk is commonly taken at his own valuation as an honest, faithful, unselfishly loyal servant who feels deeply for his ruined masters and is willing to excuse their worst failings. But on of the triumphs of Castle Rackrent is the subtly ambivalent presentation of the old steward. To regard him as an artless, simple-minded old man is to miss completely the wealth of irony, which pervades the whole narrative. The irony of Castle Rackrent is that Thadys much-vaunted loyalty to the Rackrents should be the principal means of his sons acquisition of their estates. The critic, Thomas Flanagan finds the novels acts and statements ambiguous and unsettling and comes to grips with the problem of Thady in a much more forthright matter: Thady is a partisan of the family, or rather, of the honour of the family. Only when the story is finished does the reader realise that Thady has his own wry view of the matter. Even so he does not fully understand the story, which he is telling. The meaning and passion with which he instinctively invests the words honour and loyalty lead him to bring forth evidence which prompts the reader to a quite different judgement of the Rackrents. Thady tells the story of the Rackrents with a hint of satire running through it. A memorable satiric piece within the novel made with Sir Kits cruel vengeance on his Jewish wife in having pig meat of all kinds brought to her table against her wishes, even though she has visited the cook in her kitchen for the precise purpose of averting this. Satirically, when she is unexpectedly released after seven years, by Sir Kits death, her first act is to sack the cook. Thomas Flanagan states that the effective satiric detail here is shown throughout the book, particularly in the first part, where the madness of the Rackrents seems to rage most wildly. Thady quirk is the most alive and complete of all Miss Edgeworths character creations and one critic has considered him The most subtly drawn and skilfully presented character in the whole course of the Irish novel. The reader is shown in the passage below the satiric nature that Thady portrays each character with. The swaggering Sir Kit, who throws a guinea to the servile Thady with such bravura, cuts a very different figure as he is brought home from his last duel up the avenue on the hand-barrow while his wife watches incredulously from her window, scarcely able to believe that the tables have been so thoroughly turned on her bizarre spouse. The alcoholically hospitable Sir Patrick is granted the final Irish accolade, a fine funeral, but just as all was going on right, through his own town they were passing, when the body was seized for debt. The litigious Sir Murtagh, so proud of his forensic capacities, is literally talked to death by his domestic opponent, the Skinflint widow, and bursts a blood vessel while the servants crown the back stairs to eavesdrop on his final apoplectic submissions. There is an unmistakable darkening of tone of the work in the second part the History of Sir Conolly Rackrent. Where the earlier Rackrents were tragic-comical characters, Sir Conolly is pitiable. The next incident illustrates the ambivalence in Maria Edgeworths presentation of Honest Thady. When Jason visits Sir Condy in the hunting lodge to pester him with a final piece of business. Sir Condy is asleep and Jason insists on seeing him at once but Thady seems to resist. Ill not be disturbing his honour for you, Jason, says I; manys the hour youve waited in your time, and been proud to do it, till his honour was a leisure to speak to you. His honour, says I, raising my voice, at which his honour wakens of his own accord, and calls to me from the room to know who it was I was speaking to. Jason made no more ceremony, but follows me into the room. Thadys raising his voice on recurrence of his honour is a fine satiric touch. This may serve as a rebuke to Jason or as a means of focusing the sick man so that Jason may wring the last penny out of the Rackrents before Sir Condy dies. Castle Rackrent has considerable historical importance. There is a good deal of evidence that represents Edgeworths attempts to capture the speech, rhythms and idioms of the Irish peasants with whom she came in contact. Maria Edgeworths novel confused fiction and history. In her preface to Castle Rackrent, Edgeworth attacked conventional histories as unreliable while claiming that the recollections of an Irish servant were more genuine and important as a historical record. Edgeworth claims that in her novel the civilisation of Irish life involved its Anglicisation in every facet and that she presented a stereotype of the native Irish, designed mainly to convince an English audience of the validity of her preferred approach. Edgeworths colonialism was a benevolent one and she stressed the amenability of the Irish character to this, and by contrast its degradation by the abrasive and tyrannical colonialism, which she felt still characterised Irish society. Her fascination with and delineation of, Irish character focussed on language, and in particular its exploitation as a mechanism of survival by the vulnerable servant. Thady makes an effective use of irony and uses it as a satiric weapon against Sir Murtaghs wife. She was a strict observer, for self and servants, of Lent and all fast-days, but not holidays. One of the maids having fainted three times the last day of Lent, to keep body and soul together we put a morsel of roast beef into her mouth, which came from Sir Murtaghs dinner, who never fasted, not he;. There are references of irony to Lent, fast days and holidays. Irony as a satiric weapon is effectively wielded by Thady to ridicule Sir Murtagh. Castle Rackrent is episodic in structure, but the consistent use of satire helps to lend consistency and unity to what might other wise be an ungainly collection of episodes and incidents randomly strung together. Maria Edgeworths title to Castle Rackrent is to minimize the readers alertness to the question of irony. Within the novel itself there is a body of evidence, which casts shadows upon the short title. Within the larger area of Irish culture one can find the material for an ironic interpretation even of the short title. Maria Edgeworth allows many of her characters to disclose themselves by indirection. Thady is an excellent example. We learn a lot about Thady from his portrayal of other people, particularly when his feelings are strongly engaged. One of his diverting habits is to praise his various masters and their wives according to their generosity towards himself. This produces several extremely comic, and subtle effects. Maria Edgeworths chief purpose is to tell an entertaining story, and consequently she does with enthusiasm. As well as being a regional novel, a saga novel, and a social and historical document, Castle Rackrent is a work containing elements of satire. It is in fact to these satirical elements that it owes much of its subtlety. There is some doubt as to whether Maria Edgeworth intended this novel to be anything but a comical revelation of the Rackrent family and its failings by using the tragic happenings of each family member to portray what could only be described as a work of satire. Maria Edgeworth presents her characterisation, language, imagery, tone and satire, all wrapped in the subtlety that is portrayed throughout the novel.

Why did the colonists want independence from England Essay

Why did the colonists want independence from England - Essay Example Another reason for independence is that the colonists did not view themselves as British. They considered themselves as Americans since they had lived in America all their life. England also kept a close eye on them on every move. They were kept under watch like children and they did not like it. England also ignored their attempts to address their grievances. They ruled them the way they wanted and not in collaboration. The religious issues between the British and colonialists also caused differences and brought thoughts of independence.Politically, the colonists wanted representation in the government, which the British did not allow. Due to lack of representation, they felt oppressed by the rules passed by the government. The colonists wanted a government formed and governed by themselves (Hyser and Arndt 36). They wanted to rule themselves and form their own rules and laws. They also wanted to prove to France that they could win the war and they were ready to help them. Forming a n alliance with French government also gave them hope for victory and they thought it better to fight for independence.Economically, England was imposing high taxes on the colonists, which they did not like. In addition to this, England did not allow them to trade with other countries (Hyser and Arndt 88). They were only confined to trade with England on all the goods they wanted to trade which they did not want. These reasons made them crave for independence, which they got through revolting and fighting.

Critical Analysis Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Critical Analysis - Coursework Example As noted in the article, the research provided seeks to make readers understand human behavior. Adese’s article focuses on the problems that people face because they are biracial. The article relates to me indirectly, because I have several biracial relatives who may perhaps feel the same way. In my view, Adese has written an excellent article, reflecting on issues of racism and economical status. I agree with the author on most of her views. However, there is one point that I chose to disagree with her. Adese points out in page 242 that she wonders how her life would have been like if she had not grown up thinking of herself in â€Å"parts† (Adem & Thompson, 2010). I think she should now focus more on how to embrace the positives and negatives of the two cultures. The author may perhaps have enhanced her methodological approach, if she conducted interviews from other people. Similar to Jennifer Adese, Danzy Senna also writes an article on children who grow up with similar experiences. There are two questions that arise after one reads her article. Would he views been different if raised from a different racial heritage? Are there positives of growing up as a biracial child? Like Adese, Danzy Senna also uses qualitative research method to portray the data she has researched on while growing up. The author who is also the researcher in this article is subjectively immersed in the topic of her discussion. From this reading, it is difficult to tell whether the author is happy as a biracial person. Senna’s reading also impacts on my experiences in an indirect way. I have friends who have both Mexican and black parents and do not have conflicting views. I find her statement true when she says that in the 1970s, black people connected on shared history and not based on color and hair texture as perceived by most people today (OHearn, 1998). The author uses this point effectively to show the racial issues that exists today and those

Buying a House Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Buying a House - Research Paper Example A triumphant negotiation requires two opposing parties to come together. The meeting between the two sides is for carrying out a consultation. There are various bargaining tips from that most successful individuals use in the negotiation meeting. First, understanding the importance of the negotiation is essential to the bargain. The importance of the consultation gives the negotiators the motivation to carry out the meetings. Secondly, the mediator should show that he understands the context of the bargain. Indicating knowledge of the negotiation gives the other party confidence and belief. Thirdly, showing various values to the other party gives him or her chance to think about the offers the negotiator is presenting. Fourthly, the negotiator should lay out the reality to the other individuals. Truth is important because it builds trusts between the mediator and the other individuals in the deal. Lastly, the use of emotions in carrying out the negotiation is essential to the authenticity of the deal. Most individuals make decisions based on emotions and use of emotions will lead to a successful negotiation (Downs, 2008). Distributive bargaining is a negotiation in which the involved individuals try to divide or distribute something. Distributive bargaining is competitive, and it means that there are parties in the deal that will gain more. Distributive bargaining happens in a situation where both sides in the negotiation want a win-win result (Hone Your Negotiation Skills, 2014). The people in the deal or negotiation always want to keep up a good working association. The type of talk happens when there are problems with the resources in the deal. This leads to a scenario where of the individuals in the party stands to lose something in the deal. Most deals have the potential to become a distributive bargaining negotiation. In a hypothetical situation, that I receive a promotion and

Permeability of Plasma Membranes

Permeability of Plasma Membranes Introduction Plasma membranes are bi-layered membranes made up of amphiphillic molecules (having charged polar heads tending to be hydrophillic and uncharged fatty acid tails tending to be hydrophobic) that selectively allow entrance of certain large molecules into the cells cytosol and through which water and small non-polar molecules may freely diffuse. This experiment seeks to understand limited aspects of the permeability of the plasma membrane using the Elodea leaf membrane as model organism. Some of the factors upon which permeability of the plasma membranes of biological organisms depend are differences in pH on opposite sides of the membrane, temperature, osmolarity, expression of certain membrane receptors and the concentration gradients of various molecules. This experiment is very limited in scope and seeks to answer only the question of what is the time dependence for permeability of glycerol through the cell membrane. Other experiments have answered many of our questions regarding this and have resulted in mathematical equations describing these results. This experiment will use one of the formula derived from these prior experiments, the Ether:Water partition coefficient for alcoholsiii as a means of hypothesizing what the outcome of this present experiment will be. I have hypothesized that within seconds of exposure to a 0.3M (molar) hyper-tonic solution of glycerol, dissolved in an isotonic deionized water (dH2O)/sucrose solution, the Elodea leaf will plasmolyze irreversibly-an assumption I believe is supported by the fact that glycerols ether:water partition coefficient is only 0.00066iii. Further support for this supposition is the fact that glycerol has a relatively bulky chemical structureviii-owing to its three large, highly polar hydroxyl groups-and a large molecular weight of 92.0938 grams per mole. Alternatively, it may be hypothesized that the glycerol-being an aliphatic alcohol (see diagram in section IV(i) infra) which, itself makes up a part of the plasma membranevi-will be capable of more easily diffusing across the plasma membrane as compared to the sucrose, which cannot diffuse across the membrane, in which case not only will there be no severe plasmolysis but there may, instead, be a build up of turgor pressure inside the cell due to the inward movement of the alcohol and its confinement in the central vacuole. Methods In order to discover what molar concentration of sucrose will be needed in an aqueous solution to create a solution that is isotonic to the leafs cytosol I shall perform a bifurcated experiment in which the first part shall be to determine this concentration. Part two of this experiment will be to determine the period of time it takes for glycerol to diffuse across the plasma membrane. In order to determine which molar solution of sucrose is isotonic to the cytosol of the Elodea cell I labeled 6 micro-centrifuge tubes with the markings: 0.2M, 0.3M, 0.4M, 0.5M, 0.6M and isotonic respectively and using an adjustable pipette placed 1000 ÃŽÂ ¼L of premixed sucrose solution of each of the indicated molarities into the respective tubes. In each of these tubes I placed an Elodea leaf and allowed them to sit for approximately five minutes [my observations of plasmolysis along with photographs of leaves in similar states to what I observed are provided in table 2 of the Table of observations of plasmolysis and photographs #2-#6 in the Photograph table which can be found in sections III(A) (B) respectively.] While awaiting the leaves to finish soaking I viewed a dry mounted Elodea leaf under a microsocpe using 20X and 40X objectives with 10X ocular so as to have a better idea of what a normal Elodea leaf looks like for comparison to the viewing of the wet mounts [photo of a leaf in similar state to what I observed is provided as photo #1 in the Photograph table of section III(B).] I then labeled 6 microscope slides using the same concentrations I used when labeling the micro-centrifuge tubes. After five minutes I prepared an individual wet mount of an Elodea leaf by placing a leaf from a micro-centrifuge tube onto a microscope slide, bearing its respective molarity, with the upper surface of the leaf face up. I placed a cover slip over the leaf and gently tapped the cover slip so as to seat it onto the slide and to remove any excess solution. I then viewed the wet mount-searching for indications of plasmolysis-under a microscope using the same 20X and 40X objective lenses and the 10X ocular lens I had viewed the dry mount and recorded my observations then repeated this process for each of the leaves in the remaining tubes. I was unable to obtain photos of my observations but I have included photos downloaded from the internet which were similar to what I had observed and provided them in tables 1-6 of section III(B). Having established which molarity of sucrose solution was isotonic with the cytosol of the cell (see table in section III(A)) I calculated the quantities of sucrose, glycerol (test solution) and 1-Propanol (counter test solution) I would need for the second part of this study. In those calculations I used the data presented in table 1 below. My calculations are presented in the Table of Calculations, table 3 of section III(C) infra. I plugged the results I obtained from table 3 into the formula C1 x V1 = C2 x V2 so that I may calculate the volumetric quantity of each of these chemicals I would need to add to each of my two 1 x 103 ÃŽÂ ¼L test solutions, my calculations for each may be found in Table 4 of section III(C). Using those calculation I then added the quantities of sucrose to each of the other two chemicals and subtracted the sum from the final volume of solution (1000 ÃŽÂ ¼L) I would be creating so that I will know the volume of deionized water (dH2O) I would need. Those calculations are shown in table 5 of section III(C). Using these calculations I then prepared 5 new micro-centrifuge tubes as follows: 3 tubes each containing a 1000 ÃŽÂ ¼L isotonic (0.4M) sucrose solution (one of which is to be used as a negative control); the fourth containing an aqueous solution of isotonic (0.4M) sucrose and 0.3M glycerol mixtures; and the fifth containing an aqueous solution of isotonic (0.4M) sucrose and 0.3M 1-Propanol mixtures (counter control). I placed one Elodea leaf into each of the 3 isotonic solutions and allowed them to soak for approximately five minutes. After five minutes I prepared a wet mount of the first of the 3 leaves as previously described. After viewing the first leaf (the negative control) I placed the second leaf on a slide and added 2 drops of the 0.3M glycerol/Sucrose solution to the slide then viewed and recorded my observations. I then prepared the third leaf using 2 drops of the 0.3M glycerol/Sucrose solution and viewed to be certain I obtained the same result as the last slide then after approximately 30 seconds added 2 drops of 1-Propanol/Sucrose solution (the counter test solution) to see if this would have an effect opposing that of the glycerol/Sucrose solution and recorded my observations which I describe next. Results A. Table of observations of Plasmolysis Table 2: Plasmolysis observations within five minutes of Elodeausing different sucrose solutions. Sucrose concentrations Plasmolysis observed (Y/N) Sucrose concentrations Plasmolysis observed (Y/N) B. Photograph tables (Photographs of Elodea leaves in various solutions): 1. Normal leaf (similar observation as prior to placing in solution) 2. Hypo-tonic solution (similar to observation as seen in 3. Isotonic solution (similar observation as in the isotonic solution and the ~0.4M-0.5M sucrose solutions) 4. Hyper-tonic solution (similar observation as seen in the 0.6M sucrose solution) 5. Plasmolysed leaf (similar observation as would have been seen in hyper-tonic solutions) 6. Plasmolysis Recovery (did not observe any recovery events but this is what I would also have been looking for had plasmolysis recovery taken place) C. Tables of Calculations: Table 3: Calculations for concentration of 0.3M glycerol/Sucrose solution. Amount of sucrose needed: [.137g] x V = 0.4M x .001 L V = (.0004g/L) / (0.137g) = 0.002919 L or 2.91 x 103mL Amount of glycerol needed: [0.028g] x V = 0.3M x .001 L V = (.0003g/L) / (0.028g) = 0.01071 L or 10.7 x 103mL Amount of 1-Propanol needed: [0.018g] x V = 0.3M x .001 L V = (.0003g/L) / (0.018g) = .01667 L or 16.7 x 103mL Table 4: Calculations of volumetric quantities of each chemical needed to make 1000 ÃŽÂ ¼L of each solution. 2.92 ÃŽÂ ¼L sucrose+ 10.7 ÃŽÂ ¼L glycerol + x(dH2O) = 1000 ÃŽÂ ¼L 13.62 ÃŽÂ ¼L + x(dH2O) = 1000 ÃŽÂ ¼L x(dH2O) = 1000 ÃŽÂ ¼L 13.62 ÃŽÂ ¼L x(dH2O) = 986.38 ÃŽÂ ¼L 2.92 ÃŽÂ ¼Lsucrose + 16.7 ÃŽÂ ¼L 1-Propanol + x(dH2O) = 1000 ÃŽÂ ¼L 19.62 ÃŽÂ ¼L + x(dH2O) = 1000 ÃŽÂ ¼L x(dH2O) = 1000 ÃŽÂ ¼L 19.62 ÃŽÂ ¼L x(dH2O) = 980.38 ÃŽÂ ¼L Table 5: Calculations of amounts to add to each solution. Discussion At first viewing I did not quite understand what was happening as I had not previously seen an Elodea leaf that presented without its large central vacuole let alone one that presented with chlorophyll throughout the entire cytosolic space. Having consulted with my fellow researchers (one of which obtained findings similar to mine in her experiment), none of whom had explanations for this result, I shall instead provide a summary of what I observed and what I had expected to observe. I had expected my first hypothesis to be borne out regarding the outward movement of water across the membrane and toward the hyper-tonic glycerol solution providing a sighting as in photograph 5, however what I discovered was an Elodea leaf showing absolutely no sign of plasmolysis. Instead of the expected I saw what was a leaf that appeared to be in a state of iso-osmolarity with its environment which would have been expected only in an isotonic solution as in photograph 3. There, also, was no turgor pressure as would have been seen in photograph 2 had the alternative hypothesis of inward movement of glycerol across the plasma membrane been borne out. Finally, had there been a plasmolysed cell the addition of the counter test solution of 1-propanol should have caused recovery as seen in photograph 6 but being I was unable to obtain a plasmolysed cell I was also unable to observe recovery of such cell. The results of this experiment has left me unable to either accept or reject either of the two hypotheses provided above.

Acoustics :: acoustic acoustics sound

The concert hall is one of man's greatest joys; enjoying a fine symphony composed by the worlds greatest, performed by a world class orchestra. For months afterwards, the borgoise attendees will speak of the energy of the conductor, the orchestra responding to him, the power of it all. The crescendoes, the diminuendos, the stark silences between movements, the clarity of the soloist above the rest of the orchestra. Little do they know that were it not for the meticulous consideration of the architect at construction time, the patrons would not feel that they were getting their money's 'worth.' The architect is tapping into the world of acoustics; in this case, achieving the best possible sonic experience through differing techniques : different materials, certain shapes of rooms, sound traps, etcetera. Acoustics and sound, like so many physics branches, starts out relatively simple and quickly becomes a gigantic headache. Massive amounts of planning must go into a large structure such as a concert hall, a dance hall. Even small structures, such as the phonebooth, have hours of careful planning put into their design, in order to achieve the desired effect with the varied sound sources. This page is designed to inform the reader in the basics of acoustics, using the theory behind acoustics and the examples of the concert hall and the dancehall. Technically, the definition of 'sound' is a pressure wave in an elastic medium. This means that our pressure wave can be present in air, water, wood, steel... many different solids as well as air (and liquid). One of the most common units of measurement of sound is intensity, or the rate at which sound energy is being transmitted into the medium. (low sound intensity would be something like somebody clapping between movements, high sound intensity would be the applause after Beethoven's 9th) The unit of intensity is the decibel, or db. We use a logarithmic scale to measure these, as it is difficult to understand the range of the decibel in linear terms. Other units of measurement are the period and the amplitude of the wave. As we see in the graphic, we have the graph of time versus sound pressure, with our little wave traversing it. The amplitude is the highest value the graph reaches before descending again, while the period is the amount of time it takes for the wave to complete a full cycle. Other terms of note for the diagram are compression, which is represented by the parts of the graph in the positive region of sound pressure, and rarefraction, which is represented by negative pressure.

Feminism in South Park

Introduction South Park has been around for a while now. Since it was aired for the first time on 13th August 1997, the show has constantly pushed the boundaries taking on everything, leaving out nothing. The reception among the wider population and the media had a wide range from â€Å"shocking† to â€Å"excellent†. One of the aspects of this success story is that, because of its provocative tone the show has managed to stay in the limelight.Public debate was evolving around certain episodes, bringing more and more attention to the show. As it was constantly picking up contemporary themes, topics or events, expectations were growing and â€Å"‘How will South Park deal with x' has become a common catch phrase† Oohnson-Woods 257). Another reason why South Park is so appealing is its humour which is absolutely unrestricted and irreverent Oohnson-Woods 257). Seemingly, the creators of the show do not set any boundaries for themselves, taking on everything and everybody.Even public fgures and celebrities are not spared. The viewer witnesses events like Barbara Streisand mutating into a giant, destructive monster, Martha Stewart taking a turkey up her ectum, or Ben Affleck having a sexual affair with a nine-year old boy. People apparently enjoy the stylistic, humorous and critical social approach of the show, making it the most successful satire so far. Being full of toilet humour and foul language, South Park is pushing â€Å"the boundaries of good taste. Few shows have dared to go where South Park goes† Oohnson-Woods 244). It is also full of introspect and unbiased social commentary' (Khodasevich 2) and is characterized by its libertarian attitude, which is granting freedom to everyone and especially to itself. As it is a satirical approach to social conventions. South Park tries to make a point on various discourses within our society by â€Å"filtering these problems through children† Oohnson-Woods 163, 164). These childr en are a group of elementary school boys, namely Stan Marsh, the normal kid, Kyle Broflovski, a Jew, Eric Cartman, the fat and selfish kid and Kenny McCormick, who is the timid kid dying in every episode without further recognition.There's also several other characters that get developed throughout the seasons. However, it is interesting to point out that it is mostly male characters that grow. Female characters in the show are prevalently portrayed â€Å"as he boys mothers, classmates, and authority fgures†, and do â€Å"rarely develop past a specific role† (Khodasevich 2). This very fact, among others, â€Å"raises many red flags† among feminists (Miller 177). Furthermore feminist criticism is extended to the vulgar language and the derogatory words that are used in labelling females.Also the prevalent sexual inequality between men and women, namely the sexual objectification that is supposedly depicted makes the show a target for feminist criticism. So seemin gly, feminists rarely do belong to the wide fan-base of the show. However, the show is actually, despite the hateful, vulgar, and derogatory language which is often misinterpreted and misunderstood and therefore labeled misogynist, incorporating feminist standpoints and theories like the objectification of women, patriarchal views and stereotypical gender roles, and strongly supporting them.As sometimes† (177). 2. South Park and Feminism â€Å"South Park is a show that can either be considered as â€Å"cruelly funny and hysterically satirical [†¦ that] took animation one step backwards and five steps forward intellectually,† or as â€Å"degrading toilet humour, depending on your point of iew' Oohnson-Woods X'). This description by Johnson-Woods is perfectly serving as a transition to the main part of this paper. Is it â€Å"intellectually' challenging or is it simply â€Å"degrading† nonsense that feminists and feminist critics can not endorse? . 1 Use of Language Many feminist critics are focused on the derogatory and vulgar language in South Park. The choice of words is, for the most part of the series, bound to swearing and oaths which are mainly used by the male charactersl . Words like â€Å"bitch†, â€Å"whore† â€Å"chicks† or â€Å"cunt† are seen as generalizing terms for women, used to degrade their tatus within in the series and thereof for women in real life. This assumption might be conceivable, as most women in the TV-show are far from using comparable phrases to describe men.There are simply less words which would have the same descriptive and generalizing effect as the above-mentioned terms used for women. However, women in South Park are not expelled from using derogatory and vulgar language. Robin Lakoffwrote in his book Language and Woman's Place that little girls should not use rough language like boys because this would not enhance their status and prestige among men within the patriar chal system. In fact it would expose females to ridicule and ostracising (5).Within this scope South Park makes a feminist stand in â€Å"Tom's Rhinoplasty' (episode 11 of the first season). When Wendy Testaburger is, driven by Jealousy to the new class teacher Ms Ellen approaching her after class to have a word with her, she Just explodes with furious swearing and threatening. Wendy: Miss Ellen, can I talk to you Ms. Ellen: Of course Wendy. Wendy: I couldn't help but notice that you taking a liking in my boyfriend Stan Ms. Ellen: Well IVe taken a liking in all of you. You're all so young and cute and full of life.

Examine the use of stereotyping in the media and evaluate if they impact on people The WritePass Journal

Examine the use of stereotyping in the media and evaluate if they impact on people Introduction Examine the use of stereotyping in the media and evaluate if they impact on people IntroductionBibliography:Related Introduction The judgments we make about people, events or places are based on our own direct impressions. But for most of the knowledge, we rely on media. The media actually re-present the world to us. However, the media only shows us some aspects of the world, ignoring the rest. So basically, the media chooses what is to be shown and what is to be discarded (Andrew Pilkington and Alan Yeo (2009)). . In this essay, I will explain what stereotypes are and primarily give an example of a famous men’s magazine called ‘nuts’ and explain how these stereotypes are created by print and the digital media and what are their impacts on people. Stereotypes can be defined as an exaggerated belief about an individual or a group based on their appearance, behavior or beliefs. Though our world seems to be improving in many other ways, it seems almost impossible to emancipate it from stereotypes. Today, the media is so powerful that it can make or break an image of a person and also can change the views of the audience. ‘Gender refers to the cultural nature of the differences between the natural biological sexes of male and female’ (Long, P Wall, T (2009)). Gender is perhaps the basic category we use for sorting human beings. The media mostly portrays men as strong, masculine, tough, hard and independent while women are shown as fragile, soft, clean and mostly sexy. Whatever the role, television, film and popular magazines are full of images of women and girls who are typically white, desperately thin, and tailored to be the perfect woman. The representation of women on the print and the visual media mostly tend to be stereotypical, in terms of societal expectations (mediaknowall.com). These days, most of the fashion magazines are full of white girls with large breasts and small waist. Beauty ideas are commonly represented in such magazines. The appearance of the women in these ad’s focus on every little feature of a woman which includes the darkness/lightness of the skin, the eye colour, the appearance of the hair, how her nose is shaped, if she has luscious lips and various other physical traits, so basically it tells us a woman should look perfect (edubook.com). One will see a white female with pouting red lips and the very petite body that resembles a thirteen-year-old girl. The extremely artificial women and the heavily photo-shopped pictures in these ad’s create a norm and make those women who look differently, feel insecure of who they are and make them feel as if they are less of a woman, for example they tend to over represent the Caucasian, blonde with bright eyes, white complexion and a petite body. This is an unattainable beauty for most w omen, which has caused many to develop issues such as eating disorders, depression and the very much talked about these days, anorexia. Ferguson (1983) conducted a study of young women’s magazines and found that they promote a traditional idea of femininity. They promoted the idea that girls should aspire to be beautiful in order to get a husband (Andrew Pilkington and Alan Yeo (2009)). It is true that some women might want it but in most the cases they learn it from their mothers or the media. For instance, girls should wear pink and boys should wear blue, this is another stereotype, which is in our heads since we were children. Most of the people think that these magazines promote self- improvement, but in reality, it has caused self-destruction of women. When a popular news-show host Greta Van Susteren moved from CNN to Fox, she not only had a makeover but she went under the knife and changed her face to appear younger and more beautiful. When her new show, ‘On the Record’ got on air, her hair was changed and she sat behind a table so that the viewers could see her short skirt and legs (media-awareness.ca). A good example of this representation is a magazine claiming to be UK’s no1 lad magazine, The ‘Nuts’ magazine. It presents women in a stereotypical manner. This may be because the magazine editors believe that sex sells. In addition men’s lifestyle magazines have also accepted the fact that sexually objectified women sell more magazines, which I believe is somewhat true these days. In order to attract male target audience, Nuts promotes pornography as it is very pornographic in its content, as such it has increased the use of female stereotypes as sex objects† that is. Every Nuts magazine cover has a pretty woman with beautiful assets, possibly with her arms stretched out, posing on the front page. With NUTS written in Red, which denotes or classifies passion or heat (Branston Stafford 2010) and also denotes love, lust and sex. The women are also shown posing in a sexually manner. This to portray them as sexual objects and inferior to men and make th em stand out on front covers, they are dehumanized as only parts of their bodily features are mostly shown to the audience, and enforcing the idea of that women are to be looked at and have no physical or emotional feelings. The way women are depicted in Nuts magazine are stereotyped as sex objects, fulfilling the buyers dream, women depicted with good looks and no brains as all the women in the magazine has one thing in common, they are all very beautiful. In the television industry, men are shown as dominant while women are shown as passive. The television industry can easily tell a woman that there is something wrong with her. Her hair isn’t straight/curly enough, her skin isn’t white enough or even maybe her teeth aren’t white enough (quchronicle.com). Millions of women across the world are working as doctors, lawyers, teachers and journalists. It’s not their job to be perfect; no matter what the media might try to make them believe. A popular American sitcom ‘bewitched’, even though the main character Samantha was a woman but she was shown as a dependant, typical suburban housewife. Various advertisements, not just those in womens magazines, have created numerous unfair stereotypes towards women. Take for instance women in beer advertisements. Although beer advertisements are not typically in womens magazines, they depict how women should be represented in society. In these ads, women are often seen as just an attractive background prop, which clearly show us that is only to attract men to the product. Mostly, the magazines represent only one type of woman who is only seen to be a decorative individual. In these magazines, women are hardly represented as successful, working, independent individuals, which is the reality these days. They’re shown as unsuccessful good for nothing individuals who depend on their husbands for everything. The pressure that the mass media has put on women and femininity has caused numerous individuals to go through drastic measures to change how they look, since they have made only one type of woman seem normal. These representations have become a window to gender relations in our society, which has reinforced the depiction of women that society has had for years. Womens magazines in no way should make only the tall, thin, and young feel beautiful and should begin representing women in a more realistic view. To conclude, the mass media is at complete fault of the representation that many individuals have of women. They have been seen as over-sexed individuals who are made to do housework and raise children. There are very few magazine ads that represent women in the workplace or as independent individuals. These stereotypes are even though somewhere changing but it’s almost impossible to completely demolish all the stereotypes related to women. Bibliography: Media Awareness Network. (2010).  Media Coverage of Women and Womens Issues.  Available: media-awareness.ca/english/issues/stereotyping/women_and_girls/women_coverage.cfm. Last accessed 28nd   April 2011. Andrew Pilkington and Alan Yeo (2009).  Sociology in focus for AQA A2 Level. 2nd ed. Britain: Causeway Press.p99-112. Branston, G Stafford, R (2010).  The Media Students Book. 5th ed. London: Natalie Fenton, Goldsmiths, University of London, UK. 22. Harper, S. (2008).  Stereotypes in the Media.  Available: edubook.com/stereotypes-in-the-modern-media/9200/. Last accessed 2nd May 2011. Long, P Wall, T (2009).  Media Studies- Texts, production and context. Italy: Pearson Education Limited 2009. p82-85. Wilson, K. (2010 2011).  Gender and Media representation.  Available: mediaknowall.com/as_alevel/alevkeyconcepts/alevelkeycon.php?pageID=gender. Last accessed 1st May 2011. Wright, M. (2005).  Stereotypes of women are widespread in media and society.  Available: quchronicle.com/2005/02/stereotypes-of-women-are-widespread-in-media-and-society/. Last accessed 4th May 2011.

The Killer Angels of Gettysburg essays

The Killer Angels of Gettysburg essays The Killer Angels is a book about the battle at Gettysburg, a battle of the Civil War that changed it's very direction. The book is told from several points of views, going through each day and telling the stories of several officers present at the Battle of Gettysburg in the summer of 1863. The book describes their thoughts and actions in high detail and showing the reaction by the opposite confederate or union side. Before the book begins Michael gives background information on each character that shares a portion of each day. The Book begins with Bufords advancement to the hill top which soon becomes a defensive line when General Lee gets word that there are forces at Gettysburg he sends troops as leaders of northern Virginia supported by the Army of Potomac to attack creating the begging of the critical battle. The first day took place in three waves as troops from all around got word and headed to Gettysburg. It went back and forth on the first day as troops would arrive at different time the union was under a lot of pressure but maintained ground. On the second day, the Union maintained their position as the Confederate army attacked the defensive formations. Throughout the town of Gettysburg assaults where performed at Little Round Top, Devil's Den, Wheatfield(Bloody Wheatfield), Peach Orchard, Culp's Hill and Cemetery Hill. Both sides lost many men that caused significant changes. However, the Union was still persistent and held their positions. On July 3, the battle began again at Culp's Hill. The fronts had moved just outside of the town and were now to the east and south of the town. A critical event of this day was an Assault ordered by the confederates on the Union at Cemetery Ridge containing over 12,000 infantrymen. The Confederate army couldnt handle the pressure forced back and retreated to Virginia with several casualties. After an artillery attack, Lee raided the Union center on Cemetery Ridge. Th...

Financial Management Principles Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Financial Management Principles - Essay Example As an international player, the company is also very aggressive in pursuing strategies to capture rapidly developing economies in Europe and Asia. As an investor, I believe that an investment in Dell will yield substantial profit. Its leadership position in the global information technology (IT) industry makes it very attractive to investors. The unique and innovative business model of Dell which eliminates wastage and significantly increases production efficiency gives it strong brand equity. This good reputation significantly bids up the price of its stock. Dell's efficiency contributes to profitability. Dell's stock is a good investment as reflected on its various financial ratios. Table 1 shows the financial ratios of Dell which is divided in four groups-profitability, leverage, activity, and efficiency. Based on Table 1, Dell shows superior profitability. The company's return on equity is 86.5 % which reveals that every dollar invested in the firm's stock will yields $.856 cents within a year. The company also generates a return on asset of 15.5% while gross margin accounts for 18.2% of the entire revenue. The company's profitability ratios reflect its efficient cost management. Dell is recognized as one of the most efficient companies in the IT industry.

Personal statement Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 12

Personal Statement Example social activities, like business seminars and workshops, where my interpersonal skills, such as organization and public speaking have been strengthened and cultivated even further. Additionally, I have joined several clubs for empowering young leaders to transform to even more admirable people in the future. As a leader of monitoring and evaluation club in my former school I participated in organizing of the members to various activities, which some were voluntary in ensuring that the business course was well interpreted by the rest of the school and that more students were advised on the advantages of taking business courses in regard to their future careers. Apart from seeing other members of my family taking business courses and succeeding in their careers my father, who owns a company in Saudi Arabia, also did the same course and had been running the company efficiently for years. He wants to pass it down to someone who understands business to its core. He did not only encourage me to take business courses but also gave me sufficient reasons to join your most esteemed university so as to understand the dynamics of business before indulging myself in the journey of managing the company. He did not have everything to do with my interest in your university, though. I also have my reasons and I have submitted my application because I believe this is my call to follow his footsteps in successful business career as I have talent to realize my full potential in this very field. With my spectacular efforts that I have shown form my early schooling I believe I will do well in the various tasks required of me. When I get in your university I will choose management administration as my major because for a long time now I have been attracted to this area. In my former schooling, I participated in all activities that were based on business ideas but I found myself more intrigued by management topics and evidently performed better at them. In your university I will have

Big sky Big money Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Big sky Big money - Movie Review Example Never at once have I had of politicians being financed by rogues who want something else once the politician assumes office. This information has been withheld from the media and the rest assumed to be propaganda and hence I have never paid any attention to such â€Å"rumors† before. This information is very pertinent and all people not only in the affected regions or this country but to the world in general. The message the documentary is passing in one word is vetting. It is important and necessary for the public to be vetting the aspiring politicians about their sources of finance in detail before being elected into office. The vetting should also be done by investigative officers who will follow the money trail and avoid such incidences in future as portrayed by the documentary. The IRS and other tax bodies should be very keen about which organizations are being exempted from taxation. This exemption should be carried out after thorough investigation of the organization in order to prove beyond any doubt that it is a welfare organization and deserves the

American medical care Essay Example for Free

American medical care Essay These early immigrants survived the harsh times and difficult American climate as well as the wilderness on primitive basic instincts. The early settlements were often ravaged by starvation and disease. During the colonial era, doctors education was informal. Most were literate, but some who were raised outside of New England were not. A man who wanted to practice medicine did not need any type of certification. Most did have a period of apprenticeship with an established physician, but even this was not a requirement. Up until the late 19th century, very few doctors had a college education. Medical facilities were unofficial. Most patients were treated in their homes. However, even the smallest towns had poorhouses, where needy people could live and receive limited medical care. The few hospitals that opened in North America during the colonial period were opened in places like Quebec and New Orleans. Public health was unknown in North America at this time. Towns and cities did not have boards of health except during times of epidemics. Because most places did not have public water or sewer systems, most Americans got their water from pumps and used outhouses until well into the 19th century. There was no trash collection so the streets became a breeding ground for all types of disease. There were a few attempts to influence public health. For example, when smallpox vaccinations were developed in the 18th century, many small town doctors had groups of people that had to stay quarantined for a few days to make sure they only developed a mild case of smallpox. Cures may have killed more people than the diseases themselves. The public developed a very skeptical attitude towards regular doctors. In the early 19th century, the do it yourself attitude of many Americans was popular. These people freely gave medical advice, emphasized the participant of the patient in his or her own treatment. However, other medical treatments were available also. Probably snake oil is best remembered. Andrew Taylor Still started the practice of osteopathy. Osteopathy incorporated bodily manipulations, similar to those seen in modern chiropractics. In osteopathy, these manipulations affected the magnetic flow of energy in the body. Osteopathy discouraged use of medicines, but did not forbid them. Another reaction against heroic medicine was homeopathy. A university-trained German doctor named Samuel Hahnemann started it. Heinemann said that doctors were giving their patients too much medicine. He believed that tiny amounts of drugs should be diluted in water before being given to a patient and that practitioners should take very thorough medical histories of each patient. Quackery was a way to fool people into believing they were being cured while making money from them. Quackery had even been licensed in London, but it was completely ignored by the America government for hundreds of years. Hydropathy was another special case. The healing power of water, hydropathy indicated the value of the rest cure, importance of having like-minded people around, the usefulness of light exercise and the fact that women who wore loose-fitting clothing generally felt better and had fewer physical complaints than the ones who did. Another special case is the entire issue of faith-only healing. While empirical evidence in favor of faith-only healing is lacking, anecdotal evidence suggests that some people who pray do experience spontaneous decrease of certain diseases. The late 19th century saw major changes in medicine in the United States. Medicine went from being medieval to incorporating many elements of modern science. The advances in chemistry, and biology had major impacts on medicine. As medical practitioners began to understand that the body was comprised of basic chemicals and not mysterious humors, effective treatments for diseases and injuries were developed. As medicine became more scientific, doctors needed both training and  licensing. In 1847, Dr. Nathan Davis founded the American Medical Association (AMA) in Philadelphia to help create professional standards for doctors and set minimal educational requirements. Medical colleges opened up across the country, increasing requirements from a few months without any college background to a number of years with a college degree. However, these colleges provided an extremely unpredictable level of medical education, with some of them a diploma and others provided a to notch medical education. As American cities exploded in size during the 19th century due to immigration from Europe, public health became more of an issue. With many hundreds of thousands of people living in cities: extremely crowded, unsanitary conditions; tuberculosis was often at epidemic levels in the cities. During the 19th century, people understood that TB was not caused by miasma, but was caused by bacteria. People with TB were sometimes sent out of the city to places in the country, where the cleaner air seemed to help their recovery. It was obvious that people needed clean water for drinking, and bathing. So cities started massive sewer projects to help bring clean water into the cities while removing wastewater from the city. Dead animal remains and garbage littered the street until the late 1800s when cities started sanitation crews to take the trash out of town and dumps to move the waste to. Many cities started dispensaries so the poor could receive treatment and medications for low cost. With the urban population explosion, the poorhouses (probably todays HMO Urgent Care) became even larger and harder to manage. With new medical advances, people needed to be in big cities to receive certain types of treatment. Americans began to build hospitals across the country in the 19th century.  The new hospitals were generally cleaner than the old poorhouses.